River Bharathappuzha originates from the Anamudi Peak having a height of 2695 mts MSL in Anamalai hill range in the southern portion of western ghats It flows 255km length with variable graaient. River system dominated on 6186km² on the earth surface. The tall mountains raised on either side of the river length produced the declivity of earth towards the river. The irregularity of earth surface by the isolated mountains and hillocks give-birth to the number  of water course to the river. Coverage of earth by the resistensive substance of laterite, bed rocks and belt of hard rocks are reasoning to reduce the quantity of rain water infiltration into the earth. Even in such a condition the river flowed continuously throughout the year of olden days. But, now-a-days, It is drying up before the summer. As on studies. the population growth, industrial and its pertinent developments, urbanization, change of joint family system to the nuclear family life, influence of Gulf money are the reasons to the multiple growth 0 buildings and roads in Palakkad District. The wide area of shelter by the array of buildings and the wide area of impervious layer of the tar and concrete roads are producing reduction on quantity of rain water infiltration into the earth.

 The river-basin had a wide area of natural forests under two heads. They are the reserved forest on hilly tract of mountain belt in side extremities of the river-basin and the local forests of private parties in central part (plain land of river basin) of the basinal area. But, the major portion of this forest land give ground to the rubber plantations and some other purposes. Only a few of them are balanced as reserved and vested forests. Deforestation affected mostly on central part of the basinal area, results to the reduction on quantity of rainfall on this region. The forest on hilly tract, expect the area of Attapady valley, has no more changes. Hence, there is no more reduction on quantity of rainfall on this area. But, it is my suggestion that, domination of rubber is playing a major role to this desiccation of river.

           As a result of perpetual disturbance by the vibrations on the earth surface, due to the human activities and also by the natural cause, the relation between the surface qrainage basin and underground drainage basin are varied. Temperature of Palakkad indicates the dangerous sign, which may lead to the diversion of rainfall by the climatographical changes. According to the rainfall, south-west 'llonsoon of India has no more reduction on its quantity, other than some variations. But, some reduction is indicating on the quantity, by the north-east Monsoon and summer showers. Secondly, the quantity of rainfall which gets In central region is very less, when it compared with the quantity of rainfall in side extremities and also very less, when it compared with the basinal average Like that, intensity of wind on the river basin is a peculiarity of Bharathappuzha: facilitate more evaporation from the water surface of liver and the land evaporation. Hence, the climate of Bharathappuzha shows the unfavorable condition.

According to the hydrological condition, almost all sources of the river have been blocked and diverted through the irrigation canals by constructing eleven numbers of big dams in different locations on the river-head Hence, the river is depending only on the sources, in area from lower part of dams. Secondly. the canals, which constructed from the dams dissects the hillocks in a number of locations. The deep most cutting of canals results to the breakage on water' transit contained in the hills. In such places, the rain water infiltrated into the earth is being discharged to the canals, results to desiccate the area before the summer.

In Bharathappuzha, the sources which flows 9S an under-flow channels has been taken by constructing a number of infiltration wells across the river-bed, in different locations on river-length, results to the desiccation of river before the summer. Increasing per capita demand of water, growth in number of wells for the domestic purposes, industrial purposes and irrigation purposes, etc has been increased in year by year. Whereas, the quantity of rain water infiltration into the ear1h has been reduced. The entire water of that area. descent into the earth has been extracted through the countless number of wells and tanks The excessive extraction and the reduction of rain water infiltration into the earth give rise to the seasonal draught in catchment area and tile sources region of the river-system. Secondly, water the most requisite ingredient IS required more in construction activities. The bulk quantity of these water, used for the uncontrollable growth of construction works are mostly taken through the wells and tanks are the unaccountable extraction from the earth. It is the general opinion that taking sand from the river-bed is the reason to pollute the river. But, by the absence of scientific evidence, it is not acceptable. Whereas, the indiscriminate method of sand-drawl on the river­bed is against the scientific principles destroying the purity in originality of the river. Naturally, the rivers disperse away the pollutant immediately into the sea-ward course by the current of its flow. Thus, the river became free from pollution. But, unfortunately, the river has no such a continuous floods as in olden days. Therefore, the river has reduced and gradually stopped the cyclic process of geological work of running water. By the absence of this cyclic process in a long time, the river .becomes filled with the sedimentary deposits and organic materials. These deposits filled the water volume and finally soil is formed at tile edges and the terrestrial grass becomes established  The sedges and shrubs first established in the middle of river length spread to the other area and its tributaries by means of dispersal movements. By tile ecological succession, the woody plants are appeared. The inorganic chemical fertilizer, which flowed from the vicinity, provides the nutrients for the growth of these emergent vegetations. But, on the water analysis the river has no such a type of menacing water pollution.

A detailed investigation along with a number of parameters is required to justify the facts. But, I could not dominate it by the limitation. Even then, the findings, which emerged from the analysis of available data, it is clear that the 'Environmental problem on Water Resources of the River-system" is a reason, which destroys the purity in originality of the river. Therefore, she could not serve any purpose for which a river is meant. According to the data of water analysis, the river has no such menacing water pollution. The pollution affected on the body of the river. So, it can be called or named CJ.S "River Pollution". Secondly, till the time there is no such pollution on the body of any river other than water pollution. Therefore, river pollution is a new and growing chapter in the subject of Environmental Science.

The birth, growth and death are the law of nature. The death of a culture gives birth to a new culture. "If it is through the natural process, it is more effective and realizable. But, if it is through the man-made process it will be harmful, less effective and unrealizable and artificial. This leads to the displacement of the balance of nature and that is what is happening here. Therefore, it is an immediate need to take the effective m8asures to protect the river.

       Summary and CONCLUSION: Sand mining

Introduction

In order to find out the industrial potential of sand mining of Bharathappuzha a detailed survey was conducted. .Physical condition of the river basin:  The irregularity of earths surface  by the isolated mountain and hillocks. Intensely of wind, cyclic system of temperature changes, hydraulic gradient from river-head, declivity from side extremities towards the river are seeing as favorable to produce the sufficient quantity of erosional products on the earth surface The net work of river system in wide area produced !.ne large quantity of erosion products on the river-bed. It will enabled to the lifetime project of sand mining on the river-bed Grace of monsoons with 2300 mm rainfall by its periodical supply of heavy and long lasting rains are providing facilities to replenish the products on river-bed. Hence, the physical conditions of the river-basin is favorable

Availability of Sand   

I.Quantity of sand exploited by the bidders in earlier auctionduring the  period was an average of 3,35,710 loads in an year.

II.Ouantity of sand taken by the permit is an average of 1,32,000 loads in a year

III.      Ouantity of sand transported by the illegal transaction is 1.09,500 loads (average in a year)

IV      Ouantity of sand transported from the river-bed cJuring the penocJ of pGrmit system is: II + III = 1,32,000 + 1,09,500 = 2,41,500 loads

VHence, the quantity of sand transported by the auctioning system and the existing permit system is I + IV / 2 = 3,35,710 + 2,41,500/2 = 2,88,605 loads average) in a year.

 VI.Expecting quantity from the sediments expelled to the sea is 38.892 loads in a year.

As on above, the availability of sand on the river·bed is: V + VI = 2,88,605 + 38,892 = 3,27,497 loads in a year.

 

Marketing  Facilities

 

Now. the Palakkad District is a leading industrial centre in Kerala. The industrial growth and its pertinent developments are showing the favorable condition marketing facilities TECHNOLOGY OF MINING              :Entire complex of technology is sub-divided into the inter-related technological unit operations such as Preparation of site to replenish the products, classification of area by the qualitative, quantitative and the volumetrical basis of products settled in a particular location at the time of intervals, identification of sites from wherever the products make use of in a particular time, determination of quantity that advantageous in a particular time  and stripping  the scheduled quantity of products  from the site is  he technology of projection the river bed. 

ECONOMICAL ASSESSMENT:

                                  The Income expected from the project is Rs. 13,09,98,800/- in a year

 Secondly, the production cost is very less when it is compared with the other mining works. Therefore, it is profitable. Environmental  Assessment_ The blasting or other process to the removal of over-burden or to take the products are not needed. The inter-related technological unit operations to the transportations and re-process in factories are not needed. Therefore, it is f'ree from pollution The existing channels and sand-heaps, mud-flats and the vegetations, etc on the river-bed will be removed by tile scientific and systematic way of sand taking. Secondly, .the river is free from over siltation. which may be a reason to the regional hydrodynamics and the micro seismic activities Oil the basinal area.

A detailed1nvestigation. Along with a number of parameters are required to Justify the facts But, We could not do it by the limitation on the individual explorer Even then, the findings which emerged from the analysis of data collection supports the possibility to the sand mining (process of winning minerals by the scientific and systematic way to the development of nation is called or named as "Mining") on the river-bed. Therefore,   the possibility of a "Project of Sand-mining" on the river-bed is put forward for the first time.